The number of species within the genus is disputed. Three species may be recognized, Cannabis sativaCannabis indica and Cannabis ruderalis ; C. Cannabis has long been used for hemp fibre, for hemp oilsfor medicinal purposesand as a recreational drug.

Industrial hemp products are made from cannabis plants selected to produce an abundance of fiber. To satisfy the UN Narcotics Conventionsome cannabis strains have been bred to produce minimal levels of tetrahydrocannabinol THCthe principal psychoactive constituent. Many plants have been selectively bred to produce a maximum of THC cannabinoidswhich is obtained by curing the flowers.

Various compounds, including hashish and hash oilare extracted from the plant. Globally, in60, kilograms of cannabis were produced legally. Cannabis is an annualdioeciousflowering herb. The leaves are palmately compound or digitatewith serrate leaflets. At the top of a flowering plant, this number again diminishes to a single leaflet per leaf.

The lower leaf pairs usually occur in an opposite leaf arrangement and the upper leaf pairs in an alternate arrangement on the main stem of a mature plant. The leaves have a peculiar and diagnostic venation pattern that enables persons poorly familiar with the plant to distinguish a cannabis leaf from unrelated species that have confusingly similar leaves see illustration.

As is common in serrated leaves, each serration has a central vein extending to its tip. However, the serration vein originates from lower down the central vein of the leaflet, typically opposite to the position of, not the first notch down, but the next notch. This means that on its way from the midrib of the leaflet to the point of the serration, the vein serving the tip of the serration passes close by the intervening notch. Sometimes the vein will actually pass tangent to the notch, but often it will pass by at a small distance, and when that happens a spur vein occasionally a pair of such spur veins branches off and joins the leaf margin at the deepest point of the notch.

This venation pattern varies slightly among varieties, but in general it enables one to tell Cannabis leaves from superficially similar leaves without difficulty and without special equipment. Tiny samples of Cannabis plants also can be identified with precision by microscopic examination of leaf cells and similar features, but that requires special expertise and equipment. The plant is believed to have originated in the mountainous regions northwest of the Himalayas. Cannabis normally has imperfect flowerswith staminate "male" and pistillate "female" flowers occurring on separate plants.

Male flowers are normally borne on loose paniclesand female flowers are borne on racemes. All known strains of Cannabis are wind-pollinated [16] and the fruit is an achene.

Cannabis plants produce a group of chemicals called cannabinoids, which produce mental and physical effects when consumed. Cannabinoidsterpenoidsand other compounds are secreted by glandular trichomes that occur most abundantly on the floral calyxes and bracts of female plants. The genus Cannabis was formerly placed in the Nettle Urticaceae or Mulberry Moraceae family, and later, along with the Humulus genus hopsin a separate family, the Hemp family Cannabaceae sensu stricto.

Various types of Cannabis have been described, and variously classified as speciessubspeciesor varieties: Cannabis plants produce a unique family of terpeno-phenolic compounds called cannabinoids, some of which produce the "high" which may be experienced from consuming marijuana.

There are identifiable chemical constituents known to exist in the cannabis plant, [25] and at least 85 different cannabinoids have been isolated from the plant. When plants of these two chemotypes cross-pollinate, the plants in the first filial F 1 generation have an intermediate chemotype and produce intermedite amounts of CBD and THC. Female plants of this chemotype may produce enough THC to be utilized for drug production.

Whether the drug and non-drug, cultivated and wild types of Cannabis constitute a single, highly variable species, or the genus is polytypic with more than one species, has been a subject of debate for well over two centuries. This is a contentious issue because there is no universally accepted definition of a species.

Cannabis sativa appears naturally in many tropical and humid parts of the world. Its use as a mind-altering drug has been documented by archaeological finds in prehistoric societies in Eurasia and Africa. The oldest written record of cannabis usage is the Greek historian Herodotus 's reference to the central Eurasian Scythians taking cannabis steam baths. Incannabis spread to the western hemisphere where Spaniards imported it to Chile for its use as fiber. In North America, cannabis, in the form of hemp, was grown for use in rope, clothing and paper.

The Cannabis genus was first classified using the "modern" system of taxonomic nomenclature by Carl Linnaeus inwho devised the system still in use for the naming of species. Linnaeus was familiar with European hemp, which was widely cultivated at the time.

Innoted evolutionary biologist Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck published a description of a second species of Cannabiswhich he named Cannabis indica Lam.

Additional Cannabis species were proposed in the 19th century, including strains from China and Vietnam Indo-China assigned the names Cannabis chinensis Delile, and Cannabis gigantea Delile ex Vilmorin. In the early 20th century, the single-species concept was still widely accepted, except in the Soviet Union where Cannabis continued to be the subject of active taxonomic study. The name Cannabis indica was listed in various Pharmacopoeiasand was widely used to designate Cannabis suitable for the manufacture of medicinal preparations.

InRussian botanist D. Janichevsky concluded that ruderal Cannabis in central Russia is either a variety of C. Serebriakova and Sizov split the two C. However, they did not divide C. In the s, the taxonomic classification of Cannabis took on added significance in North America. Laws prohibiting Cannabis in the United States and Canada specifically named products of C.

Enterprising attorneys for the defense in a few drug busts argued that the seized Cannabis material may not have been C. Attorneys on both sides recruited botanists to provide expert testimony. Among those testifying for the prosecution was Dr. Ernest Small, while Dr. Schultes and others testified for the defense. The botanists engaged in heated debate outside of courtand both camps impugned the other's integrity. InCanadian botanist Ernest Small [50] and American taxonomist Arthur Cronquist published a taxonomic revision that recognizes a single species of Cannabis with two subspecies: Within these two subspecies, Small and Cronquist described C.

This classification was based on several factors including interfertility, chromosome uniformity, chemotype, and numerical analysis of phenotypic characters. Professors William Emboden, Loran Anderson, and Harvard botanist Richard E. Schultes and coworkers also conducted taxonomic studies of Cannabis in the s, and concluded that stable morphological differences exist that support recognition of at least three species, C.

This taxonomic interpretation was embraced by Cannabis aficionados who commonly distinguish narrow-leafed "sativa" drug strains from wide-leafed "indica" drug strains. Molecular analytical techniques developed in the late 20th century are being applied to questions of taxonomic classification.

This has resulted in many reclassifications based on evolutionary systematics. Several studies of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA RAPD and other types of genetic markers have been conducted on drug and fiber strains of Cannabisprimarily for plant breeding and forensic purposes. Hillig, a graduate student in the laboratory of long-time Cannabis researcher Paul G.

Mahlberg [63] at Indiana Universityconducted a systematic investigation of genetic, morphological, and chemotaxonomic variation among Cannabis accessions of known geographic origin, including fiber, drug, and feral populations. InHillig and Mahlberg published a chemotaxonomic analysis of cannabinoid variation in their Cannabis germplasm collection.

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They used gas chromatography to determine cannabinoid content and to infer allele frequencies of the gene that controls CBD and THC production within the studied populations, and concluded that the patterns of cannabinoid variation support recognition of C. Narrow-leaflet and wide-leaflet drug accessions, southern and eastern Asian hemp accessions, and feral Himalayan populations were assigned to C.

InHillig published a genetic analysis of the same set of accessions this paper was the first in the series, but was delayed in publicationand proposed a three-species classification, recognizing C. He also concluded there is little support to treat C. In SeptemberNew Scientist reported that researchers at the Canberra Institute of Technology had identified a new type of Cannabis based on analysis of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA. The scientific debate regarding taxonomy has had little effect on the terminology in widespread use among cultivators and users of drug-type Cannabis.

Cannabis aficionados recognize three distinct types based on such factors as morphology, native rangearoma, and subjective psychoactive characteristics. Sativa is the most widespread variety, which is usually tall, laxly branched, and found in warm lowland regions. Indica designates shorter, bushier plants adapted to cooler climates and highland environments. Ruderalis is the informal name for the short plants that grow wild in Europe and central Asia.

Cannabis is a popular recreational drug around the world, only behind alcoholcaffeine and tobacco. In the United States alone, it is believed that over million Americans have tried cannabis, with 25 million Americans having used it within the past year.

The psychoactive effects of cannabis are known to have a triphasic nature. Primary psychoactive effects include a state of relaxation, and to a lesser degree, euphoria from its main psychoactive compound, tetrahydrocannabinol. Secondary psychoactive effects, such as a facility for philosophical thinking, introspection and metacognition have been reported among cases of anxiety and paranoia.

Normal cognition is restored after approximately three hours for larger doses via a smoking pipebong or vaporizer. After 24 hours to a few days, minuscule psychoactive effects may be felt, depending on dosage, frequency and tolerance to the drug.

Various forms of the drug cannabis exist, including extracts such as hashish and hash oil [6] which, because of appearance, are more susceptible to adulterants when left unregulated. Cannabidiol CBDwhich has no psychotropic effects by itself [27] although sometimes showing a small stimulant effect, similar to caffeine[71] attenuates, or reduces [72] the higher anxiety levels caused by THC alone.

According to Delphic analysis by British researchers incannabis has a lower risk factor for dependence compared to both nicotine and alcohol.

Medical cannabis or medical marijuana refers to the use of cannabis and its constituent cannabinoidsto treat disease or improve symptoms. Short-term use increases both minor and major adverse effects. Cannabinoids are under preliminary research for their potential to affect stroke [81] or children's epilepsy. The term hemp is used to name the durable soft fiber from the Cannabis plant stem stalk.

Cannabis sativa cultivars are used for fibers due to their long stems; Sativa varieties may grow more than six metres tall.

However, hemp can refer to any industrial or foodstuff product that is not intended for use as a drug. Many countries regulate limits for psychoactive compound THC concentrations in products labeled as hemp. Cannabis for industrial uses is valuable in tens of thousands of commercial products, especially as fibre [83] ranging where to find weed in stockholm papercordageconstruction material and textiles in general, to clothing.

Hemp is stronger and longer-lasting than cotton. It also is a useful source of foodstuffs hemp milk, hemp seed, hemp oil and biofuels. Hemp has been used by many civilizations, from China to Europe and later North America during the last 12, years.

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The Cannabis plant has a history of medicinal use dating back thousands of years across many cultures. He is thought to have belonged to the Jushi culture recorded in the area centuries later in the HanshuChap 96B. An international team demonstrated that this material contained tetrahydrocannabinolthe psychoactive component of cannabis. The cannabis was presumably employed by this culture as a medicinal or psychoactive agent, or an aid to divination.

This is the oldest documentation of cannabis as a pharmacologically active agent. Settlements which date from c. Cannabis is first referred to in Hindu Vedas between and BCE, in the Atharvaveda. By the 10th century CE, it has aftermarket parts for mini 14 ruger suggested that it was referred to by some in India as "food of the gods".

One of the earliest to use this plant in medical purposes was Korakkarone of the 18 Siddhas. In Buddhismcannabis is generally stock broker salary in malaysia as an intoxicant and may be a hindrance to development of meditation and clear awareness.

In ancient Germanic cultureCannabis was associated with the Norse love goddess, Freya. In modern times, the Rastafari movement has embraced Cannabis as a sacrament.

Rastafarians tend to be among the biggest consumers of modern Cannabis use. Cannabis is frequently used among Sufis [] — the mystical interpretation of Islam that exerts strong influence over local Muslim practices in BangladeshIndiaIndonesiaTurkeyand Pakistan.

Cannabis preparations are frequently used at Sufi festivals in those countries. Clay pipes at William Shakespeare's Stratford-upon-Avon garden may contain cannabis, indicating that Shakespeare may have been a cannabis smoker. Cannabis is predominantly dioecious[16] [] although many monoecious varieties have been described. As a result of intensive selection in cultivation, Cannabis exhibits many sexual phenotypes that can be described in terms of the ratio of female to male flowers occurring in the individual, or typical in the cultivar.

Dioecious varieties are also preferred for textile fiber production, a day in the life of a fx spot desk trader monoecious varieties are preferred for pulp and paper production. It has been suggested that the presence of monoecy can be used to differentiate licit crops of monoecious hemp from illicit drug crops.

Cannabis has been described as having one of the most complicated mechanisms of sex determination among the dioecious plants. Based on studies of sex reversal in hempit was first reported by K. Hirata in that an XY sex-determination system is present. A system was first described in Drosophila spp in A system was in use and that furthermore sex was strongly influenced by environmental conditions.

Since then, many different types of sex determination systems have been discovered, particularly in plants.

In most cases where the XY system is found it is believed to have evolved recently and independently. Since the s, a number of sex determination models have been proposed for Cannabis.

The question of whether heteromorphic sex chromosomes are indeed present is most conveniently answered if such chromosomes were clearly visible in a karyotype. Cannabis was one of the first plant species to be karyotyped; however, this was in a period when karyotype preparation was primitive by modern standards see History of Cytogenetics. Heteromorphic sex chromosomes were reported to occur in staminate individuals of dioecious "Kentucky" hemp, but were not found in pistillate individuals of the same variety.

Dioecious "Kentucky" hemp was assumed to use an XY mechanism. Heterosomes were not observed in analyzed individuals of monoecious "Kentucky" hemp, nor in an unidentified German cultivar. These varieties were assumed to have sex chromosome composition XX. More recently, Sakamoto and various co-authors [] [] have used RAPD to isolate several genetic marker sequences that they name Male-Associated DNA in Cannabis MADCand which they interpret as indirect evidence of a male chromosome.

Several other research groups have reported identification of male-associated markers using RAPD and AFLP. Environmental sex determination is known to occur in a variety of species.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the plant genus. For use as a psychoactive drug, see Cannabis drug. For other uses, see Cannabis disambiguation. Cannabis Common hemp Conservation status. Religious and spiritual use of cannabis and History of medical cannabis.

The Medicinal Uses of Cannabis and Cannabinoids. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 13 February Marijuana and the Cannabinoids. Retrieved 2 May World Drug Report pdf.

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Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets Leaf variation among Cannabis species from a controlled garden.

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Random thoughts and queries on the botany of Cannabis. TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Cristiana; Ranalli, Paolo; Mandolino, Giuseppe Journal of Industrial Hemp. Implications for forensic investigations".

North American Industrial Hemp Council. A systematic investigation of Cannabis. Department of Biology, Indiana University.

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History of Medical and Spiritual Sciences of Siddhas of Tamil Nadu. A Primer of Tamil Literature. The Last Word in Cannabis Culture? The Journal of Industrial Hemp. A Comprehensive Guide to Cannabis Where to find weed in stockholm.

Dread, The Rastafarians of Jamaica. Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. Retrieved 13 September Retrieved 20 August A Spiritual History of Cannabis. Retrieved 8 April During the festival the air is heavy with drumbeats, chanting and cannabis smoke.

Islamic Reform in South Asia. Let's Dig Him Up and Find Out". The Molecular Biology of Dioecious Plants". Advances in Hemp ResearchHaworth Press, Binghamton, NY, pp. Check date values in: Journal of the Society of Agriculture and Forestry. Depending on sexual phenotype". Journal of applied genetics. Ohio Journal of Science. A key to the early events of sex chromosome evolution".

Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. The Plant Cell Online. Ask Yoseph Needelman — Religion". Die Entscheidung liegt bei dir!: A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. The Plant with a Divided History. A New Look at the Scientific Evidence.

Emmett, David; Graeme Nice What you need to know about cannabis: China in Central Asia: The Early Stage BC — AD Geoffrey William, Guy; Brian Anthony Whittle; Philip Robson The medicinal uses of cannabis and cannabinoids. A Complete Guide to Cannabis: Its Role in Medicine, Politics, science, and culture.

Iversen, Leslie L The science of marijuana 2nd ed. Cannabis and Young People: Lambert, Didier M Cannabinoids in Nature and Medicine. Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. Roffman, Roger A; Robert S. Its Nature, Consequences, and Treatment. Russo, Ethan; Melanie Creagan Dreher; Mary Lynn Mathre Medicine, Science, and Sociology. Cannabis and Cognitive Functioning. Find more about Cannabis at Wikipedia's sister projects.

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Agonists abridged; see here for more: AM AM Cannabidiol Cannabigerol Drinabant Falcarinol carotatoxin Hemopressin Ibipinabant LY, MK NESS O Otenabant PF PipISB Rimonabant Rosonabant Surinabant Taranabant THCV TM VCHSR Virodhamine Antibodies: Abnormal cannabidiol ACPA AM Anandamide Cannabidiol NADGly THC dronabinol O Antagonists: Cannabidiol CID ML ML ML O PSB-SB PSB-SB PSB-SB Tetrahydromagnolol.

ABX IDFP JJKK JW JZL JZL JZP KML 29 MAFP MJN NAM Pristimerin URB JZP JZP KT KT KT KT LEI ML ML ML UCM WWL Betulinic acid Maslinic acid MAFP Oleanolic acid Orlistat tetrahydrolipstatin Ursolic acid. Phosphatidylethanolamine NAPE Diacylglycerol Others: Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid Formalin Gingerols ginger Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Hydrogen peroxide Icilin Isothiocyanate Ligustilide celeryAngelica acutiloba Linalool Sichuan pepperthyme Methylglyoxal Methyl salicylate wintergreen N-Methylmaleimide Nicotine tobacco Oleocanthal olive oil Paclitaxel Pacific yew Paracetamol acetaminophen PF Phenacyl chloride Polygodial Dorrigo pepper Shogaols gingerSichuan and melegueta peppers Tear gases Tetrahydrocannabinol cannabis Thiopropanal S-oxide onion Umbellulone Umbellularia californica WIN 55, Dehydroligustilide celery Nicotine tobacco Ruthenium red.

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While we have no evidence of the use of ephedra among the steppe tribes, we have already seen that they did share in the cultic use of hemp, a practice that ranged from Romania east to the Yenisei River from at least the 3rd millennium BC onwards where its use was later encountered in the apparatus for smoking hemp found at Pazyryk.

It is not surprising that male-associated markers are relatively abundant. In dioecious plants where sex chromosomes have not been identified, markers for maleness indicate either the presence of sex chromosomes which have not been distinguished by cytological methods or that the marker is tightly linked to a gene involved in sex determination.

General Medical cannabis History of medical cannabis Timeline of cannabis Religious and spiritual use Chalice. General Bootleggers and Baptists Drug testing Global Marijuana March Legality Legality by country Legal and medical status Legal history in the United States Marijuana Anonymous MA Marijuana Control, Regulation, and Education Act Marihuana Tax Act of CB 1 Agonists abridged; see here for more: Activators Adhyperforin St John's wort Diacyl glycerol GSKA Hyperforin St John's wort Substance P.

Activators ADP-ribose BCTC Calcium intracellular Cold Coolact P Cooling Agent 10 CPS Eucalyptol eucalyptus Frescolat MGA Frescolat ML Geraniol Hydroxycitronellal Icilin Linalool Menthol mint PMD 38 Pregnenolone sulfate Rutamarin Ruta graveolens Steviol glycosides e.

Activators MK PI 3,5 P 2 SF Activators Triptolide Tripterygium wilfordii. Propionates Fenoprofen Flurbiprofen Ibuprofen Ketoprofen Naproxen Oxaprozin. Calcium blockers Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Pregabalin Ziconotide.

Alcohols 2M2B Chloralodol Ethanol Alcohol Ethchlorvynol Methylpentynol Trichloroethanol. Antihistamines Captodiame Cyproheptadine Diphenhydramine Doxylamine Hydroxyzine Methapyrilene Pheniramine Promethazine Propiomazine. Antidepressants Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramineetc.